Most designed and commercial phantoms are typically homogenous, simple in shape, and containing homogenous liquid. Prior work in developing electromagnetically-equivalent head-phantoms We recommend a method to design and fabricate a physical anthropomorphic heterogeneous head phantom using 3D printing technology. While the evolution and usage of physical phantoms is endless in electromagnetic applications, in this paper we will narrow our focus on how to develop and test a physical and realistic head phantom using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI/MR). The design of physical phantoms has evolved over the years to verify the mimicry of a real patient or customer environment with the electromagnetic device in order to minimize the error in modeling the physical experiment. While electromagnetic numerical modeling has been the greatest resource to understand and analyze the interaction of electromagnetic fields and biological tissue(s), in the last few years, experimental phantoms are increasingly becoming a useful resource in conjunction with EM modeling. Recent studies demonstrate how researchers use anthropomorphic phantoms in numerical and experimental studies as one of the many resources that help investigate the behavior of the interactions of electromagnetic (EM) fields and biological tissue(s) at varying electromagnetic frequencies. Phantoms are an inexpensive approach to testing several electromagnetic applications, specifically various medical diagnostic imaging tools and wireless communication applications. Phantoms are numerical and/or physical models that represent the characteristics of some specified human anatomy.
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